DNA: A key component in the miracle of life
View(s):By R.W.R.K. Rathnayake
DNA, the miracle of life, serves as the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. It carries the instructions needed for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of every living cell.
DNA is unique to each individual (with the exception of identical twins) and remains constant throughout a person’s life. The combination of genes inherited from both parents during reproduction leads to the unique genetic makeup of each individual. This uniqueness allows for the establishment of a distinct genetic profile for each person, and these profiles can be reliably compared with those of others.
DNA can be recovered and analysed from very small biological samples, such as bloodstains, saliva, or even a single hair. This is crucial in forensic cases, where only tiny amounts of biological material may be available for testing.
DNA is a resilient molecule. It degrades slowly, especially in hard tissues like bones and teeth. This characteristic allows for the recovery of DNA from old biological samples, even in cases where the environmental conditions may not have been ideal for preservation.
DNA technology has diverse applications across various fields due to its unique and universal nature. The versatility of DNA technology continues to expand as scientific advancements occur, leading to innovative applications and breakthroughs in various fields. In criminal investigations, DNA is used to identify individuals, link suspects to crime scenes, and exonerate innocent parties. In the fields of medicine and healthcare, DNA is used for genetic testing to identify the risk of hereditary diseases and conditions, aid in diagnosing genetic disorders, and guide personalised treatment plans.
Researchers use DNA from ancient remains to understand historical populations, migrations, and the evolution of species. DNA technology is used in breeding programmes to develop crops with desired traits, such as resistance to pests or improved nutritional content.
In the field of environmental science, DNA analysis is used to study and monitor biodiversity in ecosystems, helping in conservation efforts. DNA testing is used to trace and determine ancestral heritage, providing insights into family history and origins. DNA testing is commonly used to establish paternity in legal cases, such as child custody or inheritance disputes.
Forensic DNA analysis has revolutionised criminal investigations, providing a powerful tool for identifying individuals, linking suspects to crime scenes, confirming relationships, and exonerating innocent parties. The reliability and precision of DNA analysis have made it a cornerstone of modern forensic science.
Forensic DNA analysis involves several steps.
Sample Collection: Biological samples such as blood, saliva, hair, or other tissues are collected from crime scenes or relevant sources.
DNA Extraction: The DNA is extracted from the collected samples using specialised laboratory techniques. This step separates the DNA from other cellular components.
DNA Amplification: In some cases, the amount of DNA obtained may be limited. DNA amplification methods, like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), are used to create multiple copies of specific DNA regions, making them easier to analyse.
DNA Profiling: Specific regions of the DNA, known as genetic markers, are analysed to create a unique DNA profile for an individual. These markers vary among individuals, making each person’s DNA profile distinct.
Comparison: The DNA profile from a crime scene is compared with known DNA profiles, such as those of suspects or individuals in a DNA database. This process helps determine if there is a match.
Interpretation: Forensic experts interpret the results and provide statistical analysis to assess the significance of any matches. This involves calculating the likelihood of finding the observed DNA profile in the general population.
Reporting: Results are documented in a forensic report, which may be used as evidence in legal proceedings. The report outlines the findings, including any matches or exclusions.
The intricate design and functionality of DNA in living organisms have captivated scientists and continue to be a subject of intense study. The complexity and precision of DNA processes are often considered a marvel of nature, leading to the recognition of DNA as a key component in the miracle of life.
(The writer is the Senior Assistant Government Analyst at the Government Analyst’s Department.)
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