Peace
is sixteen-fold: Where does Lanka stand?
By Dr. S.T.W. Kirinde
There are in Sri Lanka today many institutions, organizations and
individuals (both official and unofficial), purporting to assist
the government in negotiating peace with the terrorist adversary.
It should interest these peace wallahs to know that the sages of
ancient India had more or less clinically examined "peace"
and identified sixteen types of it. These are mentioned in the Hitopadesha,
the ancient Brahminical "Book of Good Advice" (English
translation by B.T. Dravid - 1922), the study of which according
to its compiler "gives ready knowledge of Sanskrit sayings,
variety in all sorts of expressions, and training in practical politics."
The
good advice is presented in the form of a cleverly interwoven fabric
of beautiful fables, aphorisms and dialogues between mythical beings
(drawn from the Upanishads, Jatakas, Dhammapada, Panchatantra etc.,
and cribbed in later times by Aesop and similar others). These formed
the lessons in "science of politics" that the Pundit Vishnusharma
(who knew the real essence of all political sciences) imparted to
the sons of King Sudarsana of Pataliputra. These lads, according
to their father, were "always taking to a wrong path"
through having "not learnt the saastras by the teaching of
the political sciences". Therefore to rectify this situation
and make the princes "versed in the science of politics within
six months", Vishnusharma tutored them on "Acquisition
of Friends", "Separation of Friends", "Hostility"
and "Peace".
The
lesson concerning peace describes how it was "made in a moment
by means of words" by two arbiters, Vulture (Durdarshi or The
Far Sighted) and Parrot (Sarwanga or The All Knowing). In this manner,
a protracted war between King Chitravarna of the Peacocks, and King
Rajahansa of the Geese was brought to an end. It is noteworthy that
these arbiters, in the best traditions of public service, significantly
were strictly neutral in their dealings though being ministers respectively
of Chitravarna and Rajahansa.
Incidentally,
the story behind this war carries all the ingredients of a modern
thriller: conspiracy, a spy, an agent provocateur, treachery, and
acts of bravery in battle). When Rajahansa asked: "How many
kinds of peace are possibly there?" Vulture answered: "Persons
skilled in making peace call peace sixteenfold as there are sixteen
modes of peace". These are listed below with their principal
features briefly given as in the Hitopadesha itself wherever possible:
1)
Kapala: where only parties of equal strength unite;
2)
Upahara: made by gift (in the manner of that to the Portuguese by
the hapless Dharmapala);
3)
Santana: brought by the gift of a girl for a concert;
4)
Sangata: contracted by the good in friendly terms, which having
the same object and purpose, is not broken as long as life exists
by circumstantial causes, either in prosperity or in adversity;
5)
Upanyasa: made having in view the success of one's own object";
6)
Pratikara: made with the motive of reciprocal obligation;
7)
Sanyoga: effected "having common object in view and formed
on well-united principles”;
8)
Purushantara: “accomplished with the assistance of the principal
warriors of us both”;
9)
"Adrashtanara: agreement dictated by the enemy;
10)
Adishta: the enemy appeased by the grant of a piece of the kingdom;
11)
Atmadishta: imposed through "one's own forces" (e.g.,
the US in Iraq);
12)
Upagraha: made for the preservation of one's life by the gift of
everything (e.g., the peace "enjoyed" under terrorists);
13)
Parikraya: savings the chief councillor by the gift of a part of
the treasure, or by half or whole" (e.g., paying kappan in
the form of political favours and other bribes);
14)
Uchchanna: “the peace which is made by the grant of excellent
fertile land”;
15)
Parabhushana: “peace which is made by the entire grant of
the produce of the land”;
16)
Skandopaneyya: “that peace in which the defined produce of
the land is sent on the shoulders of a carrier.” (These last
three modes may apply to the peace that prevailed in Sri Lanka under
colonial rulers).
It
is evident from their definitions that of all the modes of peace,
the ideal is Sangata. Thus the Hitopadesha says of it: "this
is the peace which is like gold by its superior quality" and
therefore "is also mentioned as Kanchana (gold) by persons
well versed in making peace". Peace in this mode is based on
loving kindness and friendship (Maitri), and is characterized by
mutual obligation (Purasparakara), good relationships (Sambhandaka),
and gifts (Upahara). Here it should be mentioned that gifts in this
particular context are not those of which Virgil said, "timeo
Danaos et dona ferrentes" (I fear the Greeks even when they
bring gifts).
Vulture
described modes of peace other than the Sangata as "wanting
in amicability", meaning thereby that they carry hidden agendas
and inimical conditions. Such peace naturally will be unsustainable.
Hence addressing King Rajahansa he said: "Therefore by my consent
let that (Kanchana) alone be secured. For if a thousand horse sacrifices
and truth were held in balance, truth certainly will outweigh the
thousand horse sacrifices. Hence let the peace known as Kanchana
be made between the two kings after taking an oath of Truth Speaking".
(In today's context, one could read "soldiers" for "horse
sacrifices").
Accepting
this wise counselling the kings immediately ceased all hostilities
and declared an armistice. Then in manifestation of the noble qualities
of Kanchana, Peacock rewarded Parrot while Rajahansa did the same
for Vulture. The two ministers then said: "Accomplished is
our desired object. Now let us withdraw from the Vindhya mountain
and return to our places".
The
least desirable modes of peace doubtless are Santana and Adishta.
The former, achieved by the "gift of a girl for a concert"
could be interpreted as meaning the offer of Mother Lanka for destructive
exploitation by inimical agencies under various names and guises.
The latter, achieved by giving the enemy a piece of the kingdom,
becomes the prelude to eventual disintegration of a hitherto undivided
country. This seems to be the mode of peace being offered to Sri
Lanka today, with perhaps a bit of Santana in its most literal form
being thrown in by the brokers as icing on the cake when the death
warrant for Sri Lanka is signed.
At
the conclusion of their lesson on peace, the princes declared: "We
have known the requisites of regal administration by your favour,
and have become happy by that". In response Vishnusharma said:
"Let peace always be the delight of all the victorious rulers
of the earth. Let the good be free from calamity. Let the fame of
the blessed ever increase. Let politics, like a concubine, settle
always, on the breast and kiss the face of ministers. And let there
be daily great festivity".
|