The
Sunday Times International
- Opinion
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The
origins of democracy: A radical, short-lived, violent experiment Most ancient writers used this kind of incident not, as we might, as an indictment of Athens's ruthlessness, but of the incapacity and fickleness of its democratic decision-making process. And they had plenty of other examples to choose from — whether the disastrous invasion of Sicily, which effectively lost Athens the war with Sparta, or the execution of the dissident Socrates. Needless to say, all these writers were the equivalent of the ancient rightwing. They were acerbic, sometimes nasty critics of the power of the people, and at the same time victims — from Plato down — of the odd delusion that an intelligent autocrat or an elite cabal was less likely to make military or political blunders than a democracy. All the same there is a stark contrast here with our own modern political fetish, from both left and right of the spectrum, for Athenian democracy. The more that "democracy" becomes an empty slogan — all too often the west's convenient alibi for intervention in non-western politics (a bubble pricked only when our new democratic converts vote in some regime we don't much like) — the more we hark back to its ancient pedigree.
But the Athenian democratic allure extends beyond the Bush-Blair axis. As far away as the Pacific island of Tonga there is a university parading its intellectual credentials with the title "Atenisi" and with a mission to embrace the "democratic ideals" of ancient Greece (www.atenisi.edu.to). This fetish casts ancient democratic Athens as the foundation of modern political virtues: one man one vote, freedom of expression, communal decision-making, the sovereignty of the law and equality before it, and so on. At the same time, it deftly airbrushes out the less appealing aspects of Athenian democratic culture. The well-known exclusion of women and slaves from any form of political action is one factor, but not the only one. And to be honest, even if Athens operated a more thoroughgoing repression of its female population than any other Greek state we know, no ancient culture would score highly here. The Athenian democracy which we so admire was, in reality, a short-lived and violent political experiment; it lasted 50 or so years in its most radical form, a half-century that saw the assassination of one of the most influential democratic reformers and numerous attempts by the enemy within to betray the city to the undemocratic Persians or Spartans. During its almost equally short-lived empire in the fifth century BCE, it imposed democratic government on its satellites with as much ruthlessness (and probably as little understanding) as George Bush and his allies. It was also a tiny community, with perhaps some 30,000 full male citizens, making its political nucleus roughly the same size as the student population of the modern University of Manchester, or, to put it another way, half the size of Kidderminster. And their citizen rights were fiercely guarded. With a strategy that would endear it to the British Nationalist Party (BNP), it made sure that only those born of both Athenian mothers and Athenian fathers would qualify to be part of the exclusive club of citizens. No political integration of migrants or asylum seekers here. It goes without saying, of course, that there were, and are, many attractive and important features in Athenian democratic politics. For a poor, free, male and ambitious citizen, over a short period in the fifth century, it was surely the best Greek city in which to live: with a chance of playing a full political role (thanks to the selection of most political office-holders by lottery) and of being adequately compensated financially for time taken up with political duties. Pay for taking on public responsibility was anathema to the noblesse oblige attitudes of the rightwing, but a central plank in the sharing of power. Equality of political opportunity between the male citizens was as close to being a reality as it ever has been in history. Classical democracy also launched (thanks, ironically, to ancient theorists who were deeply opposed to it) the whole tradition of western political analysis, from Plato and Aristotle on — as well as giving a kick-start to numerous 19th century movements for political change. Most of us in the UK have reason to be very grateful that those behind the 1832 Reform Act, such as the historian George Grote, rejected the idea that democratic Athens was a dreadful warning of the dangers of mob rule and saw in it instead a model for the extension of the vote and electoral change. But is it a model for us now? To be fair, very few people still imagine that we can draw directly on the Athenian experience — except a few crackpots who would like to have the members of the House of Lords selected, Athenian style, by lottery (and even they have come to seem less crackpot over the past few weeks). The danger of Athens's example is more insidious than that. By choosing — or clinging to — a tiny community with a narrowly restrictive idea of citizen rights and of nationality as our founding democratic myth, we are in a sense turning our back on the central political issues that face us now. Not so much "democratic myth", more "head in the sand". The
big problem for the 21st century is surely how to redefine the notion
of "people power" (Greek demokratia) so that it can work
for vast political conglomerates from which almost everyone feels
alienated, and in which power has moved decidedly away from the
"people" in any meaningful sense. There is also, as Paul
Cartledge hinted in some recent discussions of Greece on Radio 4's
Westminster Hour, the need to reconfigure ideas of the rights and
obligations of citizenship in the new context of a global political
economy that transcends the boundaries of the nation state. In projects
of this kind, the founding myth of a small city, the size of a large
student union — and with a decidedly unglobal and unmulticultural
agenda — is more of a hindrance than a help. |
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